Using Epanorthosis in Rhetoric

Utilizing Epanorthosis in Rhetoric A hyperbole wherein a speaker rectifies or remarks on something the individual in question has quite recently said. A withdrawal (or pseudo-withdrawal) is a sort of epanorthosis. Descriptive word: epanorthotic.Epanorthosis is otherwise called correctio or self-adjustment. The historical underpinnings is from the Greek, sorting out once more. Models and Observations Possibly there is a monster. . . . What I mean is . . . possibly its solitary us. (Simon in Lord of the Flies by William Golding, 1954)​With a hurl of his chest, Croker rose and came walkingor, rather, limpingtoward him. (Tom Wolfe, A Man in Full, 1998)​[A] great heart, Kate, is the sun and the moon; or, rather, the sun, and not the moon; for it sparkles splendid and never shows signs of change, yet keeps his course really. (Ruler Henry V in Act V, scene two of Henry V by William Shakespeare, 1600)​I dont like most of what I do. I shouldnt state I dont like it, however Im not happy with nearly everything that I do. (Paul Simon)​You dont believe were being . . . I dont need to state shabby, in light of the fact that that is not the correct word, however somewhat untrustworthy, possibly? (Owen Wilson as John Beckwith, The Wedding Crashers, 2005)​Epanorthosis, or Correction, is a figure by which we withdraw or review what we have spoken, for subbing so mething more grounded or progressively reasonable in its place... The utilization of this figure lies in the unforeseen interference it provides for the current of our talk, by turning the stream so to speak back upon itself, and afterward returning it upon the examiner with intensified power and exactness. The idea of this figure directs its elocution; it is to some degree likened to the bracket. What we right ought to be so articulated as to appear the quick radiation existing apart from everything else; for which reason it doesn't just require a partition from the remainder of the sentence, by an adjustment of the voice into an ease off volume, yet an unexpected discontinuance of the part promptly going before. (John Walker, A Rhetorical Grammar, 1822)​ He has recently been grinding away telling once more, as they call it, a most unwarranted bit of fiendishness, and has caused a coolness in between me and (not a companion precisely, however) a personal colleague. (Charles Lamb, letter to Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Jan. 10, 1820)​Thence have I followed it(Or it hath drawn me, rather) however tis gone. (Ferdinand in The Tempest by William Shakespeare)​In epanorthosis, or fixing, one reconsiders what one has said and qualifies it or even takes it back, as in Augustines great Give me purity and continencebut not yet (Confessions 8.7). Epanorthosis is especially uncovering of the character of the speaker, for this situation, of a dishonest soul separated against itself and offered more to self-duplicity than to misdirection of others. (P. Christopher Smith, The Hermeneutics of Original Argument: Demonstration, Dialectic, Rhetoric. Northwestern Univ. Press, 1998)​They reserve a privilege to more solace than they at pres ent appreciate; and more solace may be managed them, without infringing on the joys of the rich: not currently holding on to enquire whether the rich reserve any option to restrictive delights. What do I say?encroaching! No; if an intercourse were set up between them, it would give the main genuine joy that can be grabbed in this place where there is shadows, this hard school of good order. (Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Men, 1790)​ I ought to most likely have said at the start Im noted for having something of a comical inclination, in spite of the fact that I have remained quiet about myself particularly in the course of the most recent two years in any case, so to speak, and its just as similarly as of late that I started to realizewell, er, maybe acknowledge isn't the right word, er, envision, envision that I was by all account not the only thing in her life. (Michael Palin in scene two of Monty Pythons Flying Circus, 1969)

Patient and staff protection in different radiology modalities Dissertation

Patient and staff insurance in various radiology modalities - Dissertation Example The examination closes by offering suggestions to be applied by Jaber Al Ahmed Armed Forces Hospital in the endeavors of propelling its works on including radiology. Outline 1: An Examination of Factors Related To Radiation Protection Practices Introduction This investigation was completed by Slechta and Reagan (2008) with a goal of propelling the understanding elements associated with information on just as adherence to security rehearses in radiation in which they considered four free factors. These included beginning instruction for the calling, support in proceeding with training, the long stretches of experience rehearsing in calling and nature of the work site. The examination was planned for progressing radiologic sciences training and practice while improving the wellbeing practice in radiology. The investigation hence tried to survey the information on and consistence with insurance rehearses in radiation in which free factors and ward factors were included. The invalid spec ulation held in this investigation was that the autonomous factors were not essentially relatable to both of the reliant factors. The investigation started with a writing audit of materials related with training consistence and radiographers’ instruction of five distinctive records of wellbeing and medication. Outstandingly, the writing surveyed showed that confirmation in the 1970’s requested radiation assurance rehearses (Slechta and Reagan, 2008). The written works additionally uncovered patterns of connection between rehearsing years and radiation insurance practice. A requirement for proceeded with security instruction was likewise noted in the writing looked into in this examination just as endeavors for guaranteeing proceeded with training for the experts in radiography wellbeing. Procedure The investigation included a review of 2000 ensured radiologic technologists through surveys sent t o every one of them and considered a time of one month to fill and return. The example was gotten from the database of the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT). The huge example (N = 2000) was chosen through a straightforward arbitrary testing of registrants’ synopsis information and qualities. The enormous example chose took into account a high certainty level just as a little edge mistake as respondent for mailing strategy was required to be low. Survey Design The poll s sent to the tested professionals had 32 things to request data on essential demography, the 4 autonomous factors, and the 2 ward factors (information on and consistence with). Of the 32 things, 10 things looked for respondent’s qualities data on sexual orientation, age, year of experience, years affirmed, proficient practice essential zone, work site type, starting training in radiologic innovation, and proceeding with instruction interest over the previous year. A composite score was determined sing information on security practice surveyed by 3 multipart things. Simultaneously consistence was surveyed with 19 things; 6of the things for composite score and 13 for discrete assessment. What's more, Pre-tests were carried on 40 professionals to decide value of self-report of radiologic rehearses, time to finish the overview, item’s lucidity appraisal and improvement of scoring strategy. Results The outcomes for respondents’ qualities indicated that, from the 2000 polls sent, roughly 454 fulfilled the reviews prerequisite. Especially, 18% (n =

Marketing and Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Showcasing and Strategy - Essay Example Adjustment is fundamental to an association's endurance in today’s unwelcoming business condition. Advertisers need to comprehend what is at the core of their customer offering and remain one-stride in front of the opposition as far as conveying it. It is very clear that with expanded globalization and improved innovation, there are steady key rising patterns in showcasing which are additionally changing different customer needs. Promoting is characterized as the conceptualization advertisement conveyance of incredible consumer loyalty. As indicated by Kaplan and Michael (2010), clients are no longer seen as individuals from detached crowds rather they are presently dynamic members in showcasing forms. Showcasing and promoting correspondence are evolving day by day. These progressions offer another flood of correspondence channels to both new and existing markets, which were not obvious in the previous decade inside associations. Obviously, there have been critical proof on mo ve of center and spending assets designation into intelligent web based promoting which is encouraged with increment utilization of web. In view of authoritative changes over the globe, new hypotheses of showcasing have been to a great extent grew, for example, electronic, social, and natural and system advertising. These adjustments in showcasing assume changes inside consumers’ practices and progress towards electronic advertising (Kaplan and Michael 2010). Innovation is changing the world past affirmation and buyer potential are advancing with it. No industry can bear to lay on its prosperity. In this extreme monetary atmosphere, little changes are not in every case enough to support an upper hand. New showcasing models and new ways to deal with client issues need to develop quickly to remain in front of the opposition. Today, the web is viewed as probably the greatest gathering. Kaplan and Michael (2010) declare that, there is another adjustment in promoting where adverti sers have gone to web to encourage their showcasing forms. Numerous advertisers have come about to web showcasing for their business paying little mind to the sort of business being worked. Web permits clients to survey and buys an association item and administrations in any case on which some portion of the world they are in. clients can get to company’s site buy a product or administration just as allude an organization to other at the solace of their homes. Anderson and Narus (2004) keep up that, the utilization of web is seen as an all encompassing showcasing, which has become today stage. Here, comprehensive advertising generally joins customary showcasing with new PC and advanced abilities to fabricate long haul and common fulfilling connection between the organization and its clients. A genuine model in the adjustment of an all encompassing advertising process is in Japan where the nation takes part in u-Japan where data streams unreservedly which encouraged by a syste m which can be gotten to whenever from anyplace. The letter u speaks to pervasive which demonstrates a period where web correspondence assumes a significant job in showcasing connecting the two purchasers and friends (Anderson and Narus 2004). Further, in view of web based promoting advertisers have drawn in the utilization of email pamphlets to stay in contact with their clients rather than customary strategy for structuring lists and handouts. Dwyer and Tanner (2006) affirm that, email bulletins are considered as the strategy, which presentations rate of profitability (ROI) in web showcasing. For instance, markets are utilizing full specialist co-ops, which are referred to make content just as planning the advertising format and later convey hierarchical pamphlets. What's more, web based promoting have come about to two new sorts of affiliates specifically; infomediaries and metamediaries (Dwyer and Tanner 2006). Infomediaries are website pages, for example, Google and Yahoo that goes about as merchants in today’s advertising world. Metamediaries are organizations that have powerful web

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay -- Social Responsibility Essays

Business associations routinely run into requests from different partners bunches when directing everyday business. These requests are created from workers, clients, providers, local gatherings, governments, and investors. In this way, as indicated by Goodpaster, any individual or gathering of individuals that can shape or can be formed by achievement of the targets by an association is viewed as a partner. Most business associations perceive and comprehend their obligations to these gatherings and try to respect and satisfy them. These duties are frequently imparted to the general population by an announcement of standards or convictions. For some business associations, corporate social duty (CSR) has become a fundamental and vital piece of their business. Along these lines, this paper talks about the two CSR sees: the old style see and the partner see. Besides, I accept that the partner see has carried moral worries to the front line of organizations, and a contention will be made that organizations would improve both socially and monetarily if CSR, guided by God’s love, was coordinated into their vital arranging. The old style perspective on CSR is a noticeable belief system which business associations are seen just as benefit driven associations. Basically, organizations work for the sole reason for making a benefit. Along these lines, this benefit rationale is the adequate and one of a kind social identifier that isolates a business association from different organizations in the public eye. These business associations have a restricted, yet fundamental job in the public arena. Social concerns are viewed as significant, however organizations, in the old style see, are centered exclusively around the monetary exercises and are judged in like manner. By having a restricted job in the public eye (i.e.,... ...oncerns to the front line of organizations. In this paper I have recommended that business can improve both socially and monetarily by joining and incorporating a CSR program, guided by God’s love, into their key arranging. Key arranging of CSR makes a common valuable connection between a network and a business association. The people group wins by having a business that is touchy to their requirements and receptive to their interests, and the business wins by creating upper hand in the market that prompts long haul productivity. A business needs to consolidate God’s love when creating CSR arrangements so as to keep up the trust and the uprightness of the relationship with the network. With strong vital arranging combined with CSR, organizations can set the bearing that gives the best advantage to themselves and networks.

Attract Great Talent with Great Content

Most organizations utilize content advertising to pull in potential clients. In any case, the best organizations likewise utilize substance to improve their notoriety for being a magnificent boss and draw in the top ability they should be effective. Progressively, posting an opening on an occupation board and trusting that the applications will roll in doesn’t cut it. Today, many employment searchers you need are basically bypassing enrollment sites for web indexes, web based life and friends sites. Others aren’t even effectively searching for occupations in light of the fact that they’re effectively utilized. This is the reason an expanding number of HR administrators and selection representatives are utilizing multi-channel content advertising to get extraordinary ability amped up for presenting an application. Differing Content for Diverse Candidates Like some other sort of promoting, probably the most ideal approaches to pull in the crowd you need is to create content that they will be keen on. This implies making various sorts and creating various channels like: An organization blog A representative blog An organization digital broadcast Online life posting Contextual analyses Video tributes Regardless of whether you’re not at present employing, making content that makes potential representatives mindful of your image before they’re searching for work will make your future enrolling work a lot simpler. General Electric is truly outstanding at this. In 2014, the worldwide computerized modern organization made a Tumblr account around the subject of â€Å"Spring Break It,† utilizing striking recordings to show family unit things being crushed utilizing propelled materials testing gear. Universities and building firms started to share the recordings, which clicked with engineers and non-designs the same. It set General Electric’s Advanced Materials Division up for life for a great deal of youthful specialists and potential workers. Recognize the kinds of individuals your organization needs to draw in today and later on. At that point, make content that not just shows off the advantages of your work environment yet additionally exhibits the mission, enthusiasm and greatness of your organization. Individuals need to work for driving and â€Å"cool† work environments that line up with their qualities, so you need your substance to feature this. One case of this is Evernote. The note taking organization reliably utilizes their Instagram to flaunt their office, organization occasions and fan content. With more than 38,000 devotees and several associations on each post, this genuine substance keeps adherents locked in. To truly give up-and-comers an inside gander at Evernote’s culture, the â€Å"LifeatEvernote† hashtag flaunts increasingly easygoing minutes at the workplace and offers a more intensive glance at what the organization genuinely values. The most effective method to Get Noticed When you have content that shows that it is so extraordinary to work at your organization, you have to ensure it’s seen by the individuals you need to recruit. LinkedIn is a significant system to grandstand your organization, as it’s designed for proficient correspondences. Be that as it may, don’t disregard the enlisting intensity of other social stages. Deloitte, the global budgetary administrations organization, utilizes Twitter to post work opportunities and connections to blog entries. Their Facebook page conveys content focused on potential up-and-comers and they post representative tributes on YouTube. This substance blend across internet based life refines the organization and makes it progressively appealing to potential representatives. L’Oreal made the Instagram hashtag â€Å"LifeatLoreal† to urge representatives to share photographs and accounts of their work inside the organization. Their Instagram traffic soared and the advantages of working at L’Oreal contacted an a lot more extensive crowd. Similarly as with any promoting technique, you should quantify the outcomes. Use examination programming to follow application structure entries and figure out where your guests showed up from to see which substance and channels worked best. Along these lines, while content showcasing is vital to arriving at clients, it can likewise assume a significant job in your enlisting endeavors. At the point when you convey the correct substance to the correct channels, you’ll demonstrate your incentive as a business and draw in the correct sort of ability to your group.

The Relationship Between Agoraphobia and Social Anxiety

The Relationship Between Agoraphobia and Social Anxiety Social Anxiety Disorder Related Conditions Print The Relationship Between Agoraphobia and Social Anxiety By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 29, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 19, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Don Bayley/E/Getty Images You may have heard that agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder are closely connected and thats true. What have we learned about the similarities and differences between these disorders as well as how often they occur together? The Relationship Agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder are interrelated in many ways. In order to understand this, its helpful to talk about the definition of these disorders, how the two may differ, and how to tell them apart. That said, many people have both agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder, a phenomenon referred to in medicine as comorbidity. Lets take a look at what weve learned about the interaction of these two conditions. Association With Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder Agoraphobia is typically thought of as the fear of leaving your home. While it is true that many people with agoraphobia are housebound, agoraphobia actually refers to the fear of being in situations or places from which escape would be difficult or embarrassing in the event of a panic attack. In a sense, it can be thought of as having a fear of having a panic attack. Agoraphobia usually leads to the avoidance of specific places such as crowds, automobiles, buses, trains, elevators, and bridges. In addition, people with agoraphobia may fear leaving the house alone. Most people with agoraphobia are better able to cope if in the company of a trusted companion. Although agoraphobia can be diagnosed without panic disorder, over 95 percent of people diagnosed with agoraphobia also have a diagnosis of panic disorder. Agoraphobia most often occurs in conjunction with panic disorder. When agoraphobia is diagnosed without panic disorder, severe anxiety is experienced but not to the degree that it constitutes a panic attack. Panic Attack Types and Symptoms How They Differ Although both agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder (SAD) can involve the fear of public places, people with SAD feel anxiety only in situations where scrutiny by others may occur. For example, being on an elevator alone or in a car alone would not be uncomfortable. While people with agoraphobia usually feel better in the company of a trusted companion, people with social anxiety disorder  may feel worse because of potential scrutiny by the companion as well. Social Anxiety Disorder: Diagnosis and Treatment Agoraphobia Fear of leaving house Fear of having a panic attack in public places Feel better with trusted companion SAD Fear of public places Fear of situations where scrutiny by others may occur Feel worse with trusted companion due to fear of scrutiny Comorbidity When it is difficult to distinguish between the anxiety of agoraphobia and SAD, it may be that both diagnoses apply. Results of an older National Comorbidity Survey conducted in the United States showed a correlation of .68 between diagnoses of agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder, meaning that the two disorders occurred together around 68 percent of the time. More recent studies have found that major depression is often a comorbidity as well. Some studies suggest that having both disorders together is more common in women than in men and that when both disorders are present, the course tends to be more severe. Studies comparing the particular neurophysiological pathways in the brain with different anxiety disorders have found a close correlation between pathways in agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder, though these differ somewhat from those involved in other anxiety disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder. Coping There are effective treatments that can help with symptoms of agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder and there is considerable overlap. Ways of managing agoraphobia and treatments for social anxiety disorder can often help with the other condition as well, although treatments such as systemic desensitization and others are used primarily with agoraphobia. This underlines the importance of an accurate diagnosis and the care of a psychotherapist with who you feel comfortable. What to Know About Psychotherapy A Word From VeryWell Agoraphobia and social anxiety are closely related conditions but have some important differences in the causes of the symptoms. With agoraphobia, it is the fear of enclosed places, transportation, and leaving home that leads to isolation, but the primary fear is that of having a panic attack when exposed to those circumstances. In contrast, with social anxiety disorder, it is the exposure to people that leads to emotional and sometimes physical distress. Whereas a person with agoraphobia often welcomes a companion, this is not the case with social anxiety disorder. That said, agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder frequently occur together, and this is thought to occur more than half the time. When this happens, the symptoms appear to be more severe than if one of these conditions were present. Fortunately, treatments are available for both disorders, which can help to get to the base of the problem and restore a persons life.

Analytic Response The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock - 275 Words

Analytic Response: The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T. S. Eliot (Essay Sample) Content: Analytic ResponseStudentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameProfessorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameCourse titleDateAnalytic Response: The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T. S. EliotEliot writes in first person, a technique that keeps the poem fresh and entertaining. The writer tries to critique the modern society and its prevailing inane social rituals that are pretentious and superficial. The poem is set in the upper middle class society that associates itself with tea parties and gossip. The poem begins with an epigraph. The epigraph has been used to deliver a clue to the readers on the purpose of the poem. The epitaph may seem irrelevant until it is placed in context of the whole poem. From the epigraph it is clear that this is not an ordinary love story as suggested by the title.The poem is about Prufrock a man suffering from isolation, frustration, impotence and indecisiveness. Prufrock laments about his lost opportunities and unattained loves. He is aware that he is going through physical a nd intellectual inertia and as a result he recognizes his mortality. He can see the potentials of life like possible love, companionship, joy and heroism but he is afraid that he is too old and inadequate to pursue them.The poem presents random thoughts going through an aged manà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s mind it brings out the narrative technique used in literature called stream of con...

Gender Inequality Throughout Genders Of Society - 1494 Words

Gloria Lujan COMP100 June 22, 2015 Inequality Throughout Genders Every human being has the right to be treated equal, regardless of their skin color, race, gender, or religious preference. The problem in our world to this day is the fact that people, mostly women, are being classified as weak and because of their gender they are being mistreated. In recent cases women have been deprived from a higher education. Also, when working, their workplace is not equal. Gender inequality is happening all over the world. It has been occurring for decades and decades. Gender equality â€Å"means an equal level of empowerment, participation and visibility of both sexes in all spheres of public and private life† (Menstruff). If men and women were the same would there be any conflict? Could it be that everyone is equal but the inequality is all in the mind? â€Å"4 out of over 135 nations have achieved gender equality including Costa Rica, Cuba, Sweden, and Norway.†(Pinto) When gender equality is brought up what is the first thought that comes to m ind? Is it the discrimination towards all kinds of people, the violence brought upon them? Gender inequality has its pros and cons. With gender inequality there are boundaries and limits. The world is not a one person, one mind type of thing. Gender inequality is happening all over the world, with all kinds of consequences because of it. Gender inequality continues to be a problem because it is looked at as a mild problem. It has takenShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality : A Good Understanding Of The Social Inequality Essay1487 Words   |  6 PagesAs a female college student I feel the necessity to have a good understanding of the social inequalities around me. Although, women have socially grown with more power over the years, it is not enough to equalize with the men. For example, the pay gap difference between men and women for not having the â€Å"testosterone bonus† even though the same education and qualifications are present. I hope that over time I will be able to experience a change and have the same equal rights as men because I feelRead MoreThroughout Centuries Gender Has Been A Social Construct1363 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout centuries gender has been a social construct that enforces gender norms and as a result, gender inequality was born. Gender inequality has prevailed and can b e observed throughout most cultures, education, labor force, and in our own personal lives. At a very young age we are introduced to a gender identity based upon the sex we were born with. Girls are associated with the color pink, dolls, nurturing tendencies, and inclined to be more emotional. While boys are associated with theRead MoreGender Inequality And Racial Inequality Essay924 Words   |  4 PagesFor centuries and even today, gender inequality and racial prejudice continue to exist. Throughout time these concepts have overlapped and intertwined, each other creating complex interactions and a negative influence upon society. In the 1980s, Kimberle Williams Crenshaw through her article, named Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color, introduced the term â€Å"Intersectionality.† Intersectionality, is the theory of how different types of discriminationsRead MoreThe Canadian Border Services Agency852 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s society, both male and female are expected to play specific gender ro les. In Canada women and men are thought of as equal, having the same rights to respect, autonomy, and independence (Bonvillain and Miller 2013: 39). The Canadian Border Services Agency ignored this right when the agency allowed religious travelers to avoid female guards. Although men and women may have different roles in their households and communities, their work and activities are equally valued and socially rewardedRead MoreGender Inequality And Idealized Beauty Standards1688 Words   |  7 Pagesthere have been various ethical issues and injustices throughout centuries that are still evident and present in today’s society. One significant social injustice that our world continues to face is gender inequality and idealized beauty standards. When relating back to basic principles of gender inequality, women tend to be shown as inferior to men and specific occupations have been assigned gender roles. I agree with Naomi Wolf that gender inequality places more demands on bo th males and females andRead MoreGender Roles Of Women And Men845 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s society both male and female are expected to play specific gender roles. In Canada women and men are thought of as equal, having the same rights to respect, autonomy, and independence (Bonvillain and Miller 2013: 39). The CBSA ignored this right when the agency allowed religious travellers to avoid female guards. Although men and women may have different roles in their households and communities, their work and activities are equally valued and socially rewarded (Bonvillain and MillerRead MoreWhat Does Gender Inequality?1395 Words   |  6 PagesWhat fuels gender inequality? What are the reasons gender inequalities are still so high in today’s society? Gender inequality refers to the unequal treatment of an individual based on his/her gender. 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Gender is sociallyRead MoreGender Inequality And The Corporate World : How Do You Feel About Women Holding Higher Positions Within Corporations?1516 Words   |  7 PagesGender Inequality in the Corporate World How do you feel about women holding higher positions within corporations? In today’s society, there are several inequalities between women and men. These inequalities between women and men have been around since the beginning of time and will always be a factor. Gender inequality can be seen in many different ways across our society today. One major area that this inequality can be seen is in the workforce. There are many women who have jobs in today’sRead MoreGender Inequality, Functionalism and Symbolic Interactionism868 Words   |  4 PagesGender inequality refers to the inequality between men and women, or the unequal treatment or perception of a person based on his or her gender. Gender inequality is almost always prominent towards a female rather than towards a male. Women are seen as inferior to men in every country in the world. This form of society is called patriarchal and is one of this biggest issues in American society today. Patriarchy means th at the country has a primarily male dominated society. Does anyone realize

Assessment and Diagnosis - 1583 Words

Caring for populations Tuwain Kolleh Chamberlain College of Nursing NR443-Community Health Professor Deborah Long November 25,2014 Introduction Often people forget that the community in which they live in plays a vital role on their lifestyle. Your community may influence you on how you experience others culture, it may predispose you to certain illnesses and crimes due to location. It may influence you to think big and want better for your future and your children’s future base on the people you are surrounded by. Communities sometimes influence its member’s careers paths base on merely the need of that community. The purpose of this paper is to assess the community of Stapleton, its demographic, needs and issues both†¦show more content†¦The total crime rates are 122, personal crime risks are 177;robbery is rampant (267) while the risk of you getting rape is well below average. People living in the Stapleton area are moderate burden with illnesses and mortality. General health is within an average range, maternal and child health is below average, and chronic disease such is heart disease, diabetes and lung disease are below average needing interventions. The leading cause of premature deaths in the Stapleton area is cancer and heart disease. The main cause of death in New York city is heart disease 283 per 100,000 in comparison to Staten Island 378 per 100,000(http://www.fphny.org/programs/take-care-staten-island). Alcoholism and drug use is one of the main causes of hospitalization in Stapleton. Individuals in this are participates in many activities that puts them at risk for HIV such as having frequent unprotected sex, injecting drugs in their bodies, and prostituting for money or drugs. In comparison to the state of New York Stapleton has a very high infant mortality rate (http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/data/2003nhp-statenc.pdf). Women are lacking prenatal care; proper nutrition and babies are being born with low birth weight. The Stapleton community is in Staten Island, New York is fill with immigrants especially Africans.Show MoreRelatedAssessment and Di agnosis1610 Words   |  7 PagesCaring for Populations: Assessment and Diagnosis Introduction Pertussis, also known as the â€Å"whooping cough†, is a highly contagious respiratory illness that is passed from person to person through coughing and sneezing (Gregory, 2013). Early symptoms are similar to those from common colds, but when Pertussis progresses, it can turn to deep cough and potentially vomiting with little or no fever. It is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. The disease can be very serious in children lessRead MoreThe Process Of Assessment And Diagnosis1911 Words   |  8 PagesThe Process of Assessment and Diagnosis in Therapy Basic Elements The ability to conduct an efficient and effective clinical and diagnostic interview is arguably one of the most valued therapeutic skills. It is during the interview that the therapist learns about the difficulties and challenges experienced by the couple and begins to form the foundations for a healing professional relationship. There are three basic assessment elements that should guide every interviewing session. The first is establishingRead MoreEvaluation Of Counseling As Assessment And Diagnosis1116 Words   |  5 PagesWhiston in section three of her book provided an in-depth analysis of applications and issues of assessments in counseling as assessment and diagnosis are vital concepts in the counseling process. It therefore becomes imperative for differing counselors to understand formal diagnostic procedures and the fact that â€Å"diagnosis is the prevalence of individuals with significant psychological difficulties† (p. 296). Diagnostic systems are used to provide professionals with a general language governingRead MoreAssessment and Diagnosis Essay examples915 Words   |  4 PagesAssessment and Diagnosis The purpose of this paper is to provide a synopsis of the importance of assessment and diagnosis in the counseling process. In the first two sections, the roles of assessment and diagnosis as they relate to case conceptualization and treatment planning will be explored. The potential implications of misdiagnosis will be the focus of the final section. Assessment Becoming acquainted with a potential client’s history, personality and present concerns is necessary in formingRead MoreNursing Diagnosis : Health Assessment Essay863 Words   |  4 PagesConcept –4 Nursing diagnosis This concept is taken from â€Å" Health assessment† module no.3 and entitled as â€Å"Health assessment in nursing process† Introduction The practice of nursing involves the provision of comprehensive nursing care to clients based on knowledge from biological, physical and social sciences. Integral to the practice of nursing is the nursing process, an activity that facilitates the nurse s interaction with clients in an effort to assist the clients to maintain and restoreRead MoreDiagnosis Of A Functional Behavioral Assessment Essay864 Words   |  4 PagesDIAGNOSIS Anthonio â€Å"Tony† Ceja is a fifteen-year, six-month old male diagnosed with Autism (ASD) per Psychological Assessment evaluation administered 2003, by an Inland Regional Center Psychologist. REFERRAL Parents reported that they requested a referral through IEHP to administer a Functional Behavioral Assessment based on concerns with Anthonio’s maladaptive behaviors. HOME DYNAMICS Anthonio resides in a house in Riverside, California. He lives with his biological parents, Mr. Anthonio Ceja andRead MoreAdvance Assessment Of Concussion Diagnosis1542 Words   |  7 PagesWilliams Draft October essay: Advance assessment of concussion Concussion diagnosis is assessed through a variety of subjective clinical assessment tools (ex: SCAT3, SAC, BESS, Symptom checklists).17 These clinical assessment tools are often subjective in nature and largely rely on the patients’ test performance. Researchers are currently seeking out appropriate advanced concussion assessment approaches that are more objective. 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The Inequality Between The Rich And Poor, And Oppressed

According to socialist’s humans in a state of nature are communal and inherently social, preferring cooperation over competition. It is the society that surrounds it that disrupts this natural instinct in us, it is within the capitalist society where people are in a constant state of competition for our own survival. It is within the capitalist framework we can see the degradation of mankind, the inequality between the rich and poor, and inherent discrimination. Throughout the history of humankind, production is the very essence in which societies form and gather. It is within the means of production were people can thrive, advance and excel the standard of life. People have created social and political structures to control and maintain†¦show more content†¦The second is the social relations of production, this state that society revolves around their respective means of production. Social relations of production dictates that people will socially organize to extract material, thereby creating social structure. This social structure can be observed in any form of society either be it agrarian or industrial. As civilization advances through time the social structure becomes more diverse and complex and begins to fracture into classes. Such classes began to deviate from on another controlling each aspect of production the most recognizable division, is the division between the elites, and the workers. The elites or bourgeoisie, they are effectively those are in control of the means of production and therefore control the very nature of how society functions, whilst the workers or the proletariat are those who are subjected to the will and control of the few elites. Such control dictates, that the laborers are effectively governed by the elites, such control creates the very understanding of the ideological superstructure. 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Use of Symbols in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson - 981 Words

Many great authors use symbolism numerous of time in their stories. A symbol is a noun or word that represents a different idea. An author displays the symbols as a hit rather than blurting it out. Symbols are not only used in novels or poems, they are also used in everyday use. For an example, the American flag has fifty stars on it which each star represents a state. On the other hand, the thirteen stripes plays the part of our thirteen colonies; the beginning of our country. Even with our high school, a tiger pawl represents us as a fighting tiger that will strive to do what’s right, and to show our strength against our greatest rivals. In the short story â€Å"The Lottery† there was a village that practice an ancient sacrificial killing for†¦show more content†¦(The Lottery- Names) Jack is standing for the young generation. He was the youngest household taking the risk for the family. â€Å"glad to see your mother’s got a man to do it† (Shirley Jackson 1994) One of the minor characters in â€Å"The Lottery† is Mrs. Delacroix. According to Martine â€Å"the name Delacroix is the meaning of the cross in French† (Literary Analysis Essay) The Delacroix family wasn’t picked, so they were blessed. Gobellan6 Shirley Jackson did not only use characters to represent a different idea but she also used objects for symbolism. The main object form the story was the black box. â€Å"The box plays on the idea of a coffin holding the dead people† (symbolism in Shirley Jackson ‘The Lottery’†) The box contains the white papers which represent each family, who have a chance of death. The box itself is a symbolizes tradition. â€Å"No one really knows how the lottery began, but they keep following through with it, because it’s always been done†(pirate teacher) The villagers themselves have no clue when the lottery started, but it’s been their tradition that they’ve been doing for years. It’s been done even before Old Time Warner. Not only is it a tradition to the people but they are also loyal to it. â€Å"The black box is nearly falling apart... But the villagers are unwilling to replace it.†(Symbols The Black Box) Even the villagers knew that the box was hardly even a box. Their loyalty to the box was so great that they won’tShow MoreRelatedUse of Symbolism in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson1146 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism. Symbolism is the use of object, name, or person to represent an idea. If a name is being use, a name such as autumn can represent the adulthood of a human. Creatures such as an Eagle, represents ‘Freedom’ and ‘America’. Even inanimate objects can represent ideas; the light bulb represents ideas that just sparked into a character’s head. In the short story, â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, a village has just entered the month of June, meaning that the lottery is to begin. When everyoneRead MoreIgnornance of Tradition in The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson1014 Words   |  5 Pagesstarted them or why they were enacted in the first place. The community, in the short story The Lottery by Shirley Jackson, is no different. The community members follow the tradition of the lottery without any consideration to its ramifications. Shirley Jacksons goal for writing The Lottery is to get the reader to question why certain things are done. 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JacksonRead MoreThe Lottery Literary Analysis1538 Words   |  7 Pageswarmth of a full-summer day; the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green† (Jackson). In this first sentence of the The Lottery Shirley Jackson establishes a pleasant illusion, creating a sense of serenity. Jackson proceeds to mention that children begin to gather in the village, frolicing and conversing about school. The initial scene and satirically labeled title, The Lottery, provide a somewhat satisfying first impression to the reader. The introductory scene is eminent toRead MoreSymbols in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson 649 Words   |  3 PagesIn most peoples minds, the word â€Å"lottery† signifies huge winnings, but for the townspeople in the story â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson the word brings forth fear and devastation. The lottery starts off as a seemingly innocent event which immediately turns into feared, mass chaos in the town. The symbols Jac kson incorporates into the story contribute to the fact that everything in this town must be replaced and that some things we must let go of to start fresh with. Although, having said that, peopleRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson And A Rose For Emily By William Faulkner960 Words   |  4 PagesThe Use of Symbolism in â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner The use of symbolism is used in literature to enhance writing and add meaning to a story, this is evident in the two short stories â€Å"The Lottery† written by Shirley Jackson and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† written by William Faulkner. With the authors use of symbolism Jackson and Faulkner are able to add depth to their writing in a way that connects with the readers. By adding symbolism to the short storiesRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson972 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, is a short story about an annual lottery draw in a small New England town. The town’s people have performed the lottery for more than seventy years. Shirley Jackson gives â€Å"The Lottery† a whole different meaning . The lottery is used for a public stoning, opposing to the very first thing that approaches to a reader s mind when they think of the lottery; a big amount of money . The reader sees both literal and metaphorical meaning of the Sh irley Jackson’s short storyRead MoreSymbolizing the Ideas and Beliefs in The Lottery1167 Words   |  5 Pagescustoms and ideas. In â€Å"The Lottery† the people from the community are sacrificing in order for their crops to grow. Many lives are at risk and in fear despite the acceptance of their actions.Symbolism is something that represents ideas or qualities of an object. An example of this can be a dove which represents peace. In the short story The Lottery, it takes place in the late 40s early 50s. The whole story is a contradiction because you would think that having a lottery would be a good thing, but

Why Australians Should Welcome Refugees Free Essays

Why Australians should welcome refugees The Australian Government and the people of our communities must allow more refugees into our country. They have no choice but to leave their countries and unlike us they can’t Just get on a plane to another country. So why won’t we help them? Refugees are often treated badly by Australians but why? Refugees offer a lot to the community, they are hardworking and respectful and they will also do Jobs a lot of Australians will not, it Just sickens me to think that people think they shouldn’t be allowed Into Australia. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Australians Should Welcome Refugees or any similar topic only for you Order Now Firstly Australia needs to let many more refugees Into the entry. Compared to other countries Like the UK and the USA, Australia lets hardly any refugees in and we have so much room. How would you feel If you were living In a corrupt, third world country dominated by call wars and terrorism and, finally, after saving up for your whole life could afford to get a ticket on a rickety boat with no guarantee of survival to a country that you have heard so many great things about, where you have rights and freedom and when you arrived you were put In a detention center? This is what happens to them, they get put in there for years and some of them never even get out. Detention centers are like prisons and we need to get rid of mandatory detention centers, a lot of refugees kill themselves in there because their family is gone and they are left there not sure of whether they are going to get out. In some cases it is finally the day when you are let free and you have all these great expectations but you experience racism and you are looked down upon by the people around you. Is that fair? Secondly it’s not their choice as to whether they flee their country or stay living there. The reasons they have to move often include; there may be civil wars there, their human rights aren’t being expected, they are under threat of prosecution because of their religious beliefs or their life is under threat. You think they Just get on a boat to come to Australia with no guarantee of survival because they feel like moving? Some Australians say that they should stay and fight in their own country. This is absolutely ridiculous, if you lived in a corrupt, war torn third world country would you stay and fight for your country being proud of where you live? Finally, in many cases when they arrive in Australia after spending weeks to months on a crowded unsafe boat often being attacked by pirates and then to be sent to a detention center for years before being let out and being looked down upon by the people of your community and being thought of as inferior to them for many reasons. How would that feel? On top of what they have gone through many Australians have the audacity to make racist comments towards them. Refugees offer many things to the community. Refugees are almost always hard working, and appreciative because of where they came from. They are almost always better employees than many Australians because they try much reader and don’t take things for granted. Many refugees will also do many Jobs that a lot of Australians believe they are â€Å"too good for†. Many people say refugees are taking all the jobs off of the Australians however the reality Is that they take any opportunity they get to work and will often do Jobs with less pay, plus they are generally better workers so as an employer why wouldn’t you employ a refugee as long as they had think that that we shouldn’t let refugees in. The good that they bring outweighs the bad by a long way. They have to travel all the way over here for months only to be put onto a detention center. It’s not their choice that they have to leave their countries and it disgusts me that some ignorant, inconsiderate people actually think that refugees should stay and fight in their own countries, but in reality they have tried. If they stay in their own countries they may die! Why would anyone want to stay and live in a place like that? Many Australians even stoop low enough to make racist comments and remarks, after all they have been through. Maybe we need to be more educated as to what they have been through and reconsider what they think. How to cite Why Australians Should Welcome Refugees, Papers

Strategic Management WHL and DJL Acquisition

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management for WHL and DJL Acquisition. Answer: Introduction WHLs strategic objective shows that it intends to measure its performance beyond the financial terms. The firms long-term success is depended on the Groups ability to implement its strategy thus achieve the strategic objectives. WHL would want to remain the leading retail group in the Southern hemisphere (WHL 2015: 1). For WHL to stay competitive, it has opted to build profitable customer relationships, become an Omnichannel business, and big food chain retail. The largest South African retail firm has always used partnership and acquisition to penetrate different markets. For instance, Austrasia region and Africa, the firm has variuos subsidiaries. Recently, it opted to acquire David Jones Limited thus open an upmarket department to counter the competitive pressure in the market. Analysis of WHLs and DJSs Vision and Mission WHL has the established a mission that shows that it intends to remain the first choice for customers who are focused on sustainability, innovation, and value (WHL 2015, 10). As the value-based leadership business, WHL intends to remain a passionate brand across all dimensions. WHL (2015) has identified that it can only achieve meaningful business growth by penetrating customer target markets and offering quality products at affordable prices. By acquiring DJL, WHL will become a customer-centric thus building a stronger customer relationships. David Jones has also become an extraordinary retailer for everyone. Its vision focuses on being the first destination for style and a seamingless customer experience (David Jones n.d). It intends to achieve its vision by opening additional stores that offer customers the best local and international brands across home, beauty, and fashion. Therefore, the purpose, value, and vision of DJL define the business thus deliver customer-centric outcome s (David Jones n.d). Since these companies almost share vision of becoming customer-centric and delivering quality products, the acquisition would be successful. The WHL will not have to impose the workers to get training to meet the new demands. WHLs and DJSs Current Competitive Strategies WHL is an established firm that offers affordable products in a broad differentiated scope. It values its customers and responds to their needs. Woolworths has introduced a better pricing strategy because of its economies of scale and low cost outsourcing. The company uses the global and scale sourcing opportunities to deliver more competitive pricing for customers (WHL 2016: 5). This makes WHL the best-cost provider because it focuses on serving customers. WHL has also used broad differentiation to meet the demand of customers. The $3.3 high-end department retail chain provides clothing, food products, home goods, beauty, and financial services. The South African store chain operates franchise partnerships in the Middle East and Africa to remain relevant around the world. David Jones is a low-cost provider whose pricing strategy is a threat to other players such as Coles and Woolworths (Pash 2016). The company is also market niche where it engages in the apparel products. However, recently, the company has been squeezing at both market ends thus embracing broad differentiation. The company is enhancing premium food selection to allow it competes. Following the $2.2 acquisition of DJL by WHL, the South African company is opening upmarket food stores (Pash 2016). The acquisition is beneficial because the company will now expand its market base to accommodate the low- to upper-income customers. David Jones has invested heavily building a strong relationship with local suppliers and build infrastructure capabilities to bridge the gaps experienced in the local market. Most of the customers of this firm have strong bargaining power, as they are individual buyers. Such customers can be attracted to convenience and favourable prices products. They have special traits to make purchasing decision based on convenience and price. WHL depends on its supply strength and efficient supply chain. The Country Road supermarket confirms its ability to find the best suppliers. To this effect, the suppliers bargaining is weak. The rate of rivalry is high in the Australian retail market. SHL has to face stiff competition from international retailers like Smart and local competitors as Myer. The existing competitors such as Aldi, IGA, Costco, and Coles have become dominant players in the market. These competitors use different variable accesses to distribute their trusted brands. To this effect, the new entrants would face difficulties because of high competitiveness. The Australian grocery and retail industry faces strong competition. Companies such as Coles have WHLs market share limited because they contribute to high concentration levels. Based on the Porters five analysis, it is evident that the company will benefit from the acquisition because it will raise its stake in the Australian market. The competitive advantage of the acquisition would involve maximizing DJLs market presence to expand its market share that appears threatened by high rivalry. With core competencies such as innovation, branding and market, integration, and excellent supply chain, WHL will outsmart other established firms. WHL realized the best financial performance that has given it an opportunity to acquire the DJL at $2.1 billion. It also enjoys a strong reputation and trusted brand name thus gives an edge to expand the market share by increasing the customer base. WHL has established a strong supplier relationship, thus serving its retail stores are predictable. However, the firms limited geographical share is a weakness that the acquisition will resolve. The acquisition stands to expand its geographical market share, as it will access the Austrasia markets. The company also offer similar products and services under a roof. Therefore, the acquisition of DJL will expand its product portfolio, as it will introduce apparels as part of the product line. To counter stiff competition, the online retailing offers WHL an opportunity to grow. It should diversify into the health food sector to maximize its performance. This SWOT analysis defines WHLs experienced business units. With this experience, WHL has the best opportunity to counter other established firms in the market. The weaknesses that WHL must consider include high investments in RD and competitive market (Smyth England 2014). The retail market in Australia seems to attract different international retailers thus posing a great threat to the South African company. The firm needs to improve its investments in research to make it competitive. However, the companys new acquisitions offer a significant opportunity for growth. With the growing demand in the market, WHL will improve its competitiveness and expand into other global markets through acquisitions. Conversely, WHL has to be concerned of the increasing costs and rates of interests. The market also faces external business risks and cash flow that threaten WHL. The prospects of this acquisition seem positive thus strengthen the companys competitiveness. For instance, DJL is an established brand name in the Austrasia market, and WHL will optimized the established networks to serve the market. With expanded market base, the company will maximize sales, use economies of scale, and double its operations thus make it competitive. DJL has always invested in RD and has the top talents in the management. The company can utilize these resources to enhance its productivity (Smyth England 2014). Therefore, the proposed acquisition of DJL will be prudent. International Marketing Strategies and Reason for using Acquisition Strategy WHL is never a new player in Australia as it has worked with its subsidiary to operate its retail business. The company has also used acquisition as a strategy to gain access to the Australian market. The combination of David Jones and Woolworths offers a significant edge thus benefit both customers and companies. With the combined Group, the organization stands to increase its efficiencies and economies thus enhance global sourcing and leverage fashion and seasonality trends. Based on the proposed acquisition worth $2.1 billion, David Jones Limited will be a wholly owned subsidiary of the South African retailer. After the completion, DJL will be delisted from the ASX (WHL 2014). The WHLs strategy to acquire the DJL was timely as it stands to strengthen its department store model against global competitors (Fickling Kew 2014, par. 1). The strategy stands to benefit the Cape Town-based retailer because it will breathe new life by maximizing the David Jones brand (WHL 2014). The company will expand its grip in the international market because the apparel companies have continued to seek opportunities in Australia and South Africa. The retailer intends to use own-label sales and reduce prices at David Jones. This will help WHL to boost its revenues, in particular, after introducing a loyalty-card project. The merger will make WHL the largest department-store operator in the Southern Hemisphere with projected revenues of about A$5.7 billion (WHL 2014). Woolworths Holdings Limited enjoys a majority stake in the second wealthiest country in the Southern Hemisphere as it has established about 470 outlets (Fickling Kew 2014). To this effect, it can defend its marke t position from the retailers from the northern hemisphere. The acquisition strategy could have been miscalculated and even the WHL manager says that it looks expensive but it stands to benefit the retailer in the long-term (WHL 2014). Since David Jones is a leading brand in Australia and has enjoyed a significant customer positioning, the acquisition place WHL at the premium end. It will enjoy a strong aspirational brand identities as it align its values that always put customers first by offering quality and excellent services. Similarly, David Jones is a prominent department store in Australia, and it operates about 38 departments in this country. It also opens flagship stores in Melbourne and Sydney (WHL 2014). The combination of these two retailers offers a significant advantage that stand to benefit customers and the companies. The WHL will increase its scale thus driving significant economies and efficiencies through the potential to leverage shared trends and seasonality and enhanced global sourcing (WHL 2014). The acquisition strateg y will improve the companys overall profitability and improve customer value. Therefore, both businesses will be positioned to counter the global retailers in the respective markets. The acquisition will offer the companies strategic opportunities because as they work together, WHL will optimize the capable management team thus accelerates David Jones strategic programs thus grow and consolidate its performance and competitive position (WHL 2014: 3). With the rapid rate of internationalization of various retail companies to enjoy a higher profitability and growth, the local companies are experiencing the heat because the foreign companies earn income from their international operations. Roberts (2005) believes that marketing is the only tool that guarantees a company growth. In case of a new product launch, new industry upstart, market entrant, the incumbent must defend its market position. For instance, the Myer Store Group must seek solace to restore and retain its market position. The company is already making itself ready for the battle by improving its armoury stores, better training its staff, better online services, and broadening the loyalty programs. These are some of the defensive strategies Myer has retagged as Fortress Myer using to battle WHL (Knight 2014). David Jones pricing strategy has always been a nightmare because it has always caused a significant price war thus the competitors needed to respond. Myer had to respond to the pressure by considering a potential takeover target because it had failed to merge with David Jones (Goria 2012). With the share price weakening, Myer was becoming more vulnerable thus affecting the companys profits and sales. According to Roberts (2005), the defensive strategy is meant to help companies to overcome the rivalry in the market. The incumbent has to protect its territory by discouraging the challengers from expressing substantial commitments thus dissuade the rivals (Goria 2012). The incumbents can begin with position defensive so that they can hold their current position by building customer loyalty and brand image. These incumbents need to invest in the current markets. Additionally, the companies can investment in mobile defensive strategy that allows the companies to be flexible thus adjusts to the new environment. This will involve making constant changes like introducing new products and improving its current products. The companies should further use flanking defensive by diversifying and entering new markets (Goria 2012). This strategy will ensure it compensates the losses from the new entrant. Muscle flexing strategy could also help the incumbents and other international players. It ensures the dominant leader protects its competitive role against rivals that threaten its position. It involves adding new market offensives and making price cuts (Spark 2016). It would be prudent for the incumbents to offer better products and large promotional campaigns to maintain and attract new customers. Bibliography David Jones. (n.d) David Jones Retail, LinkedIn. (available from https://www.linkedin.com/company/david-jones) Fickling, D., Kew, J. (2014) Woolworths $2 Billion David Jones Deal Bolsters Department Model, Bloomberg, April 9. (available from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-04-08/david-jones-agrees-to-south-africa-s-woolworths-2-billion-bid) Goria, S. (2012) How to Adapt a Tactical Board War-game for Marketing Strategy Identification, Journal of Intelligence Studies in Business. Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 12-27. Knight, E. (2014) Fortress Myer is Looking Defensive. The Sydney Morning Herald, September 11. (available from https://www.smh.com.au/business/comment-and-analysis/fortress-myer-is-looking-defensive-20140911-10f9al.html) Pash, C. (2016) Why David Jones Less Price Sensitive Customers are a Threat to Woolworths and Coles, Business Insider, Sept 1. (available from https://www.businessinsider.com.au/why-david-jones-less-price-sensitive-customers-are-a-threat-to-woolworths-and-coles-2016-9) Roberts, J.H. (2005) Defensive Marketing: How a Strong Incumbent Can Protect Its Position. Harvard Business Review, November Issue. (available from https://hbr.org/2005/11/defensive-marketing-how-a-strong-incumbent-can-protect-its-position) Smyth, J. England, A. (2014) Woolworths Wins Retail Battle for David Jones with A$2.15bn Offer, Financial Times, April 9. (available from https://www.ft.com/content/213d1d68-bf8b-11e3-b924-00144feabdc0) Spark, J. (2016) Offensive and Defensive Strategies for Industry Leadership, My Venture Pad, September 26. (available from https://myventurepad.com/offensive-defensive-strategies-industry-leadership/) WHL. (2014) Woolworths South Africa to Acquire David Jones to Create a Leading Southern Hemisphere Retailer, Press Release, April 9. (available at https://www.woolworthsholdings.co.za/whl_mini_2014/pdf/press_release_final.pdf) WHL. (2015) 2015 Integrated Report. (available from https://www.woolworthsholdings.co.za/investor/annual_reports/ar2015/whl_2015_integrated_report.pdf) WHL. (2016) WHL16, 2016 Interim Results. (available from https://www.woolworthsholdings.co.za/investor/interims/interim_results_2016/downloads/whl_analyst_presentation_2016.pdf)

Two ways to belong to america bharati free essay sample

In the story â€Å"two ways to belong to America† the author and narrator Bharati addressed an issue of images of immigrants in America, and what it truly means to belong to a country. In Bharati short story â€Å"two ways to belong to America† she talks and her and her sister experience as first time immigrants migrating from India to America. At their arrival to America they were similar in a lot of ways, appearance and attitudes-views and sentiments. They were both seeking degrees-Mira in child psychology and pre-school education, bharati went on to peruse a degree in creative writing. After they obtained their degree’s they were to return to India and marry, a man of their fathers choosing. The second part of this plan the two sisters aborted – Mira, after successfully gaining her degree in child psychology and preschool education and Preferring to be set in her ways married a young Indian man pursuing his business administration degree at Wayne’s university. We will write a custom essay sample on Two ways to belong to america bharati or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bharati while obtaining her degree in creative writing married a fellow American student of Canadian heritage. Both of them then would be successfully married for thirty plus years and still maintain contact with each other; however, the narrator Bharati sees that as the only similarity that they have as immigrants coming from India to America. Bharati being the more outgoing and open-minded sister of the two, choose to welcome as much change as a new continent could offer, obtaining her green card then later her citizenship. She welcomed the difficulties of marrying a man from a different culture, wanting all the challenges that were accustomed to adapting to the American culture. She moved around in to different states, and even went to live in husband family’s homeland-Canada. She wanted to set roots in the country she lived in, vote and make a difference in any way that she could. She simply wanted to feel like she belonged. Mira on the other hand, being more of an introvert and a patriot of her county/culture felt it necessary to never involved in American culture and felt contentment with her labor certification. She stuck to her roots and her ancestral culture, but contributed significant amount of her  expertise in child psychology and preschool education to American educational system and nationally has been recognized for her efforts. The Two sisters could not be any more different in their experiences of America. In this time, new laws were being established about the issues of possessing a American citizenship/green card verses just simply obtaining a right to word certification. This cause Mira to become irritated at the way she felt America was treating its hardworking immigrants, however Bharati always being able to look at both sides of an issue objectively, did not see it that way. she tried to urge her sister to get a green card so that she would still be eligible for benefits that came with being an American citizen/green card holder , she replied she would, just until she was ready to go back to her country she’d change her citizenship back to being a citizen of India. Bharati then saw her sister in a different light, they certainly was not the same. Where she was passionate about being in a new country her sister preferred to be like an exile, living in a country but not of the country. In conclusion, I agree with both Mira and Bharati I believe that when one has willingly come to a country, one must adapt, however one must always maintain an identity that signifies their background and ancestry†¦never fully giving in to both but finding a balance that suits you.

The 20s Was A Decade Of Prosperity And Entertainment As Well As Confli

The 20's was a decade of prosperity and entertainment as well as conflicts. Historians emphasize how Americans were living a life of wealth, but forget to mention the problems of society. Cultural, economic, racial, social, religious and political conflicts that plagued America remain unnoticeable and silent in its history. Amongst the life of prosperity and entertainment of the 1920's, the Americans suffered a life of unending conflicts. Prosperity of the 1920's affected many Americans improve their lives. Many middle-class citizens improved their standard of living by purchasing new products such as electric irons, vacuum cleaners, washing machines, toasters, fans, and refrigerators. They were now able to purchase these consumer goods because companies began to reward and pay their workers more money. These companies, such as Ford cars, doubled the wages of the workers at the plant in Highland Park, Michigan. Since wages increased, purchasing goods and cars became affordable. The increase in America's wealth shifted the economy because businesses flourished to serve the needs of the consumers. Not only were the consumers prosperous, but so were the business owners. Since Henry Ford offered a 5 dollar wage a day to workers of thrifty habits, his company earned an estimated $264,000 per day because of the sales so many different companies started to follow Ford's reasoning of increasing wages. Not only did prosperity of Americans bring new consumer goods affordable, it also brought education to children and credit to shoppers. Most people could afford to keep their children in school longer because they were finally prosperous enough to survive without the children's wages. By the end of the decade, 51 percent of all high school age youth were in school. Credit was brought to shoppers because they were starting put money down and paying the balance in installments. Americans bought with credit because they regarded it as an easy way to raise their standard of living. The increase of wealth in the American society brought great change and benefits to the people. The prosperity of Americans reduced the time for jobs and housework, and gave them more leisure time for entertainment. Since Americans were able to afford a motor vehicle, it created a convenient way to get from one place to another. The creation and sales of cars actually changed American culture in numerous ways. Teenagers were able to go to the movies for dates, families hopped into their cars for short day-trips, and people traveled to far distant places. New creations such as movies, sports, and jazz music promoted entertainment in the 20's. The movies were a place that Americans escaped to a different world by watching others on motion pictures for the first time. Because people had the time, energy, and money to play sports, playing and watching it became widely popular. Entertainment in the 20s included listening to two types of African American music, which were the blues and the jazz music. The style and culture of America changed from a life of hard labor and work to one of entertainment and high wages. Many people were able to enjoy recreation for the first time because of the entertainment the decade provided. Even though Americans prospered with lives of wealth and entertainment, economic conflicts drove many families to a life of poverty. Not all Americans were prosperous, such as farmers, miners, and textile workers. Farmers had replaced their workhorses with tractors that produced more wheat and corn than America would consume. Because supply exceeded demand, farm prices declined and left the farmers poverty-stricken. The era of the 20's brought hardships to coal miners because industries began to use electricity and no longer needed coal to run their machinery. Due to the changes in fashion, Americans were buying less cotton and the prices of them plunged. The decade also brought new technology that the family-run firms could not afford nor compete with the big business. Therefore, thousands of small firms went out of business or were absorbed into larger companies of corporations. The act of merging resulted in unemployment and job loss of many family-run firms and the establishment of oligopolies. The oligopolies carried out unreasonable actions such as the American Plan and the Ford Treatment. The American Plan was a variety of

Rituals in the Hospital essays

Rituals in the Hospital essays Ritual has been defined as standardized ceremonies in which expressive, symbolic, mystical, sacred, and nonrational behavior predominates over practical, technical, secular, rational, and scientific behavior, although anthropologists have acknowledged that rational, technical acts may occur as part of ritual behavior (Katz, Pearl). Rituals are performed for various reasons, not only in religious situations. The article Ritual in the Operating Room discusses both ritual and science in one technical context, the hospital operating room. It talks about the ritualized movements within the operating room and what the three stages are in the operating room. I will also describe other situations in which rites of passage are used. One of the rituals of the operating room is scrubbing. It is a process in which certain people have to wash their hands and lower arms very rigorously and precisely. The purpose is to remove any bacteria that may be under the nails or on the arm. Not everybody scrubs, only the people who actually operate or do assist in the surgery. Mainly, it is the surgeon, assistant surgeon, and the scrub nurse who participate in the scrubbing ritual. It is a seven minute procedure, every person is sure to use the full time to make sure all the bacteria is gone. After they are scrubbed it is important not to touch anything that would contaminate their clean hands and arms, so the assistant nurse helps them into their gown and sterile gloves. In the operating room objects and people are classified as sterile or nonsterile. Nonsterile objects are clean, dirty, or contaminated. No part of the nurse or the anesthesiologist is sterile. Certain parts of the surgeon and the scrub nurse are classified as sterile. If a part of the surgeon becomes contaminated there is a process of scrubbing again and ridding of the contaminated objects to become sterile again. ...

A real world example of how science has been misused and report on the Essay

A real world example of how science has been misused and report on the subject - Essay Example e modern information technologies, which are obviously the by products of the growth of science, are very effectively employed by governmental agencies and the international bodies of administration. But, it is alarming to note that information technology devices are so effectively used by terrorists and criminals as well all over the world, which obviously is a serious misuse of science and its development. Two major areas where science has made drastic changes are in the fields of nanotechnology and information technology and there is no doubt that these are two areas where its misuse takes dominant forms. Between the two, scientific develops in nanotechnology assumes greater significance as many of the scientific inventions that led to the making of atom bombs, nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction has posed great threat to international peace and security. My attempt in this short essay is to deal with the misuse of science with regard to nanotechnology. Nano-science and Nano-engineering form the basis for nanotechnology. Nano-technology applies to many fields and its misuse can turn human life into misery. Developments in nanotechnology have given rise to the formation of new atomic and nuclear weapons. When Albert Einstein developed the theory of mass-energy equivalence, E=MC2; no one thought that it would pave the way for a nuclear age. But the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the United states during the second world war (August 1945) was a shock to the international community and from then onwards we do find an international competition among world nations to be nuclear powers, and many have attained nuclear power so far. The great amount of funding spent on nanotechnology and related fields (very often in the name of national defense) by world nations is quite shocking. A research conducted by US nanotechnology consultancy revealed that â€Å"the total spending on nanotechnology R&D worldwide exceeded $8.6 billion in 2004. US

Conflict of interest Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Conflict of interest - Case Study Example Most of the cases that are brought to the surface are of corruption, bribery, and money laundering. Despite the fact that these issues are worth concerning, but the conflict of interest that is exhibited by these institutions behind the scene and during interrogation phase is gross and vulgar (Hines & Reserve, 2014). Moreover, these acts not only violate the Charter of Human Rights, but it also disobeys the various international treaties, international law, and etc. Conflict of interest is a phenomenon that deals with the abuse of power, where public rights are compromised in order to obtain private gain. Everywhere all across the government and non-government organization one can find several examples of the officials who abuse their authority and position for obtain personal benefits. Conflict refers to disagreement, this disagreement can be on various levels, for instance it can be on the basis of violation of organization’s policy, it may be a disagreement in principle, or disagreement in practice and etc. Conflict of interest can also be dealt as an act of corruption, because it is the violation of trust, and misuse of a power entrusted to an official on a higher rank who is supposed to use the power for public security instead of personal profit. The case of Captain James CoBell is yet another example of a military official crossing his limits, and using his influence for satisfying his pleasure. CoBell was assigned the command of the fleet readiness commander Mid-Atlantic in 2011. In a press release by Naval Air System Command, quotes the investigation, by Commander, Fleet Readiness Centers "misused his position in using subordinates for personal favors, used abusive language toward his personnel and failed to properly account for personal leave," (Stewart, 2012). However, in response to the charges laid upon him, CoBell said that his tenure as Executive and commanding officer did not have any element

Impact Of Positive Organisational Behaviour Saudi Corporation Management Essay

Impact Of Positive Organisational Behaviour Saudi Corporation Management Essay This section includes a comprehensive discussion of the major concepts and theoretical literature that are relevant in this study on the impact of positive organisational behaviour in a Saudi corporation. This chapter builds the research framework by reviewing relevant literature on organisational behaviour, the role of managers and leaders, managing diversity and ethics, the role of behaviour and work outcomes, positive psychological capital, employee engagement, and psychological contract. Organisational Behaviour It is an accepted maxim of the modern business world that if organisations are to obtain a degree of competitive advantage, they require several key factors. Chief amongst these are a highly skilled work force; an excellent level of technological proficiency; and consistency in delivering higher quality products and services than their competitors (OReilly and Pfeffer 2000, p. 48). Obtaining and developing these factors is possible only if a company has a highly motivated workforce, which is willing to devote large amounts of discretionary effort to helping the company meet its goals. This argument has been supported by research that has shown that it is generally employees that drive success in the modern world, regardless of whether that success if defined as profitability, productivity or some other form (Pfeffer and Sutton 2000, p. 32). Unfortunately, the question still remains as to what steps companies can take to consistently motivate their employees to achieve this improved l evel of performance. One of the most prominent systems for achieving this, and one which is widely applied in modern organisations, is the concept of behavioural management (Stajkovic and Luthans 2003, p. 155). This concept focuses on the principle of contingent reinforcement, arguing that by rewarding desirable behaviours and punishing or discouraging undesirable ones, humans will moderate their behaviour to achieve the maximum rewards. However, this theory has come in for criticism with Bandura (1987) arguing that If people acted on the basis of informative cues but remained unaffected by the results of their actions, they would be insensitive to survive very long (p. 228). This implies that, over time, people will work out that the behavioural approach to human resource management is having consequences in terms of making them work harder, and hence will moderate their behaviour further to address this point. The thrust on organisational behaviour as an important human resource management concept did not come until the late 1980s (Robbins 2003). Traditionally, business students and future managers received intensive technical training in economics, statistics, accounting, and management theories in order to equip them with the tools in successfully leading companies. There was no mention of the importance of analysing human behaviour in the management equation. Capitalising on the technical aspect of business management had its advantages, but business researchers and practitioners soon found that while technical skills may have increased employee specialisation, it did little to produce successful employee relationships or interactions. Organisational theorists and researchers such as Luthans, Hodgetts and Rosenkratz (1988) were able to demonstrate that human resource skills and communication skills were in fact vital factors in effective leadership and management of business organizatio ns. The traditional skills such as planning, controlling, and decision-making only accounted for 19 percent of the formula for success. Organisational behaviour is defined as an interdisciplinary field which studies individuals and their behaviour within the context of the organisation in a workplace setting (Miner 2005, p. 3). Organisational behaviour focuses on the moods, feelings, and emotions of people in the workplace and studies stress, employee-manager relationships, physical settings, group dynamics, and reward/punishment systems in the work setting. Miner (2005) stressed the importance of the feelings, thoughts and actions of employees in influencing organisational culture. When workers are unhappy, they are unproductive (Luthans 2002a). However, ensuring excellent performance and high productivity is a multidimensional process. Organisational values change over time and employee behaviour is not static. This makes organisational behaviour a focal point in mapping out organisational development. By examining the behaviour of employees over time, management can formulate policies and solutions that impact emp loyees. So far, studies on management and organisational theory have pointed to different variables that drive employee behaviour and productivity. Managers have decided to implement policies to influence team productivity and enhance overall organisational efficiency with differing results. The strategies and approach have also been heterogeneous no one strategy has been proven to be effective in all internal or external organisational environments. What works for one company may not work for another. What several studies have highlighted is the importance of organisational personality in influencing a positive or negative work environment. Nelson and Cooper (2007) explained that the behavioural approach toward management improves organisational processes, interaction, communication channels between employees and managers, and the overall quality of service delivery of the organisation. Aparnas (as cited in Nelson and Cooper 2007, p. 87) study on team behaviours within organisations sugges ted that an organisations identity is influenced by both internal and external forces. Nelson and Cooper (2007) suggested that an organisations strategic plan can modify organisational culture. This finding supports the theory that external influence is effective in forming organisational personalities. This external influence falls within the scope of the functions of managers and leaders. By crafting strategy plans around organisational behaviour, managers and leaders can influence business success by motivating positive behaviours among employees. Managers and Leaders As pointed out earlier (Nelson and Cooper 2007), managers and leaders have an important role in introducing external influences to promote positive organisational behaviour. Managers and leaders are often referred to in the same context or not distinguished at all but in the study of organisational behaviour, a distinction is made (Nelson and Cooper 2007, p. 23). Categorising managers and leaders on the same level leads to role confusion and sometimes places individuals in functions they are not proficient in. This is especially true for large business organisations. Griffin and Moorhead (2010) believe that in the interest of maximising the true potentials and proficiencies of people in organisations, the organisational structure must differentiate the manager from the leader. Theorists (Bennis 1989, Yukl 2002) consider the manager and the leader as having unique functions and characteristics although these may overlap from time to time. Bennis (1989) considered leaders to display pa rticular traits such as inspiration, innovation, and development while managers were maintainers, controlling, and administrative. A manager is a person who identifies and achieves organisational objectives through the deployment of appropriate resources (Griffin and Moorhead 2010, p. 14). Managers are those that traditionally assume responsibilities in human resources which require communication skills and documentation. In the era of globalisation, managers have been challenged to be more knowledgeable of information technology to greatly enhance the management enterprise and to boost managerial capability to document and communicate with people in the workplace (Bloomberg 2009). On the other hand, a leader is a person who influences a group of people towards the achievement of a goal (Yukl 2002, p. 132). As a characteristic, leadership is considered to be the result of both nature and nurture and while there are people born with natural leadership traits, leadership can be learned (Bennis 1998, Yukl 2002). Moreover, not one leadership style is best-suited in all work environments. Two theories adopt this view: the contingency theory of leadership by Fred Fielder (1978) and the situational leadership theory by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard (1969). Fielders contingency theory emphasised on the behaviours and reactions of leaders in particular situations. They believed that effective leadership depends on how a leader matches his style of leading with the organisational environment. Hersey and Blanchards situational leadership theory stressed that there is no singular best leadership style. According to both, successful leadership is task-relevant and is dependent upon two factors: 1) the leadership style adopted and the 2) maturity level of the group being led. Choosing the appropriate leadership style also has to consider the type of tasks or functions which need to be accomplished by the group (Hersey, Blanchard, and Johnson 1996, p. 34). The main difference between managers and leaders is that the former are more goal-driven while the latter vision-driven. Bennis (1985) pinpointed the difference saying, managers are people that do things right and leaders are individuals who do the right thing (p. 21). Whatever differences they may have, Griffin and Moorhead (2010) opined that organisations need both management and leadership if they are to be effective. Leadership is necessary to create and direct change and to help the organisation get through tough times. Management is necessary to achieve coordination and systematic results and to handle administrative activities during times of stability and predictability. Management in conjunction with leadership can help achieve planned orderly change, and leadership in conjunction with management can keep the organisation properly aligned with its environment. Managers and leaders also play a major role in establishing the moral climate of the organisation and in determining the role of ethics in its culture (Griffin and Moorhead 2010). Managing Diversity in the Workplace A prominent reality that managers face in the modern organisational environment is diversity. Diversity is an important facet in the study of organisational behaviour because it characterises the different beliefs, persuasions, and behaviours of employees especially in multicultural organisational environments (Adler and Gundersen 2008, p. 65). Diversity is present when people with similarities and differences in age, ethnicity, religion, culture, and educational attainment are grouped together within the same working environment (Griffin and Moorhead 2010). Workplace settings today have become increasingly diverse due to equal opportunity legislations that secured the presence of women, minorities, and differently-abled persons in the workplace. Managers use different strategies in approaching diversity. On an individual scale, diversity may be handled by learning about others and demonstrating empathy and respect for cultural differences. On an organisational level, managers may use mentoring, training, work/life balance problems and implementing alternative work schedules. To manage diversity, Adler and Gundersen (2008) believe that organisations must establish a system of ethics in the workplace to support an ethical organisational culture. Relevant to this particular study is how to manage diversity in a multicultural workforce. In a society characterised by a melting pot of cultures, managers of Saudi companies are challenged to adapt and handle cultural differences vis a vis ethics and performance (Al Kibsi et al. 2007). Managing diversity in multicultural work environments is difficult but attainable if organisational leaders are sensitive and are committed toward adapting to cultural differences. Diversity must be handled with sensitivity and tolerance. Ethical questions may be interpreted differently by one culture and not by others; connotations may be attached to the meanings of some words which may be taken negatively by individuals or groups. Managing diversity has also become a priority in order to prevent legal claims of employee discrimination (Cameron, Dutton, and Quinn 2003). As a result, oganisations are turning to diversity training and multicultural strategic planning and organisational development to combat these problems. Human resource management is inextricably linked to handling cultural issues (Cameron, Dutton, and Quinn 2003). Because culture defines people, their behaviours and beliefs, managers need to be sensitive and proactive in addressing ethical or work relationship conflicts that pertain to differences in culture. When tackling the human resource strategies that are applicable to specific companies, culture should be seriously taken into account. Bell (2005) explained that managers in Saudi companies face numerous challenges in driving the performance of business organisations due in part to cultural factors. Problems such as low motivation (Bell 2005), tardiness and high turnover (Al Kibsi et al. 2007), and emphasis on higher pay (Al Kibsi et al. 2008) are some of the cultural characteristics of the Saudi workforce. Bell (2005) attributes this to the historical development of Saudi society. Many of its young professionals are members of privileged families and the influence of accumulate d wealth due to the oil boom has instilled a cultural preference for managerial positions and disdain for labour-type jobs. Al Kibsi and colleagues (2007) found in their study that foreign labour has become so necessary in running Saudi companies because private companies are unable to provide organisational structures that meet the desired rewards, career paths, and salaries demanded by Saudi professionals. Gopalakrishnan (2002) revealed in a study of culture of Saudi companies that honest and candid evaluations of performance have a high likelihood of eroding self-esteem among employees. Gopalakrishnan (2002) explained that unlike the highly individualistic culture in the United States, employees in the Middle East value collectivism and group work. Culture is a significant factor that managers must take into consideration because it also impacts employee motivation and consequently, work performance. Motivation in the Workplace Motivation is an important management process because it allows managers to influence the behaviour of employees by knowing what makes them tick (Luthans, 1998). Motivation is defined by Luthans (1998) as the process that arouses, energises, directs, and sustains behaviour and performance (p. 43). Motivating people is stimulating them to work toward a desired task. Employing effective motivation has been shown to impact employee satisfaction an organisational commitment (Luthans 2002a). Salary increases or promotions are not the only effective motivators; other incentives can be offered in order to spur employee motivation. It is a common assumption in management that organisational goals cannot be attained without the sustained commitment of organisational members. Motivation is characterised by factors which cause, channel, and sustain human behaviour in a particular committed direction (Adeyemo as cited in Alder and Gundersen 2008, p. 29). Some of the fundamental assumptions that managers and management researchers have about motivation are: 1) that it is a positive thing because a person cannot be confident about him or herself without being motivated (Alder and Gundersen 2008), 2) motivation is just one among several factors that contribute to a persons work performance aside from skill, resources, and work conditions (Luthans 2002a), 3) motivation is a renewable resource that needs continuing replenishment (Zhao 2009), 4) motivation is a management tool that managers should capitalise on in order to direct organisational performance (Griffin and Moorhead 2010). If managers are knowledgeable about the needs and drives of their workers, they can tailor work assignments and rewards according to what is stimulating for them. Managers motivate by appealing to the needs and desires of individual workers (Luthans 2002b). Theories of motivation Abraham Maslow, in his 1943 seminal work A Theory of Motivation, suggested that human beings five basic needs form a hierarchy: from physiological, to safety, to social, to esteem, to self-actualisation needs (Adler and Gundersen 2008). In his model of the needs hierarchy, Maslow explained that individuals are fundamentally directed toward the satisfaction of physiological needs. Physiological needs include basic human needs such as food, shelter, and clothing. As the primary need, Maslow believed that these needs have to be satisfied first before people can be motivated to satisfy other higher-order needs. After the satisfaction of physiological needs, safety and security go next. Safety and security refer to the need to be free from physical harm, from basic needs deprivation, and self-preservation. Next comes social affiliation which is the need for the individual to belong to one or more social groups and to be part of meaningful human relationships. After the social needs are sa tisfied comes the need to fulfill individual desires such as self-esteem and greater personal recognition from other human beings. Achieving self-esteem allows the individual to acquire self-confidence, power, prestige, and control over their circumstances and their contribution to their immediate environment. When self-esteem is satisfied, individuals progress toward self-actualisation which refers to the need to maximise ones potential and to become what one is capable of becoming (Hersey, Blanchard, and Johnson 1996, p. 81). According to Maslows needs hierarchy model, higher order needs (esteem and self-actualisation) only become activated, and thus motivate behaviour, after lower-order needs have been satisfied. This approach has been critiqued to be applicable only in the Western organisational context since motivation of employees from more collective-oriented cultures differs from that of their more individualistic Western counterparts. An individuals needs are particularly bound by culture (Alder and Gundersen 2008, p. 75). While Maslow concentrated on satisfying extrinsic factors to drive motivation, Frederick Herzbergs two-factor motivation theory stated that intrinsic factors are also important (Alder and Gundersen 2008, p. 76). Extrinsic factors include supervision, relations with co-workers, salary, company policy, supervision, and administration. Intrinsic motivators correspond to higher-order needs on Maslows hierarchy, including the work itself, responsibility, recognition for work done, and achievement and work advancement. Despite the acceptance and recognition of the two-factor motivation theory, its universality cannot be assumed. Factors which act as motivators and demotivators vary across culture (Griffin and Moorhead 2010). Hence, managers who are about to enter a new culture should be observant about the cultural factors which appear important and not assume the transferability of their earlier experiences with a particular culture. Positive Organisational Behaviour While organisations are looking to use human resource management concepts to boost the performance of their employees, only around half of all organisations have positive experiences of using them, and believe that they actually matter (Pfeffer 1998, p. 12). As a result, only a small fraction of organisations consistently implement and devote sufficient attention to high performance HRM practices. This further increases the degree of scepticism amongst workers, as more and more of them encounter poorly implemented practices that are often abandoned due to a lack of time and effort (Luthans and Youssef 2004, p. 143). This can lead to the spread of a negative and pessimistic form of organisational behaviour spreading throughout organisations that are using traditional forms of human resource management. The popularity of positive psychology has led to a reconsideration of traditional HRM practices that focus more on the negative aspects of organisational behaviour. Positive organisational behaviour has been defined by Bakker and Schaufeli (2008) as a management concept which emphasizes the need for more focused theory building, research, and effective application of positive traits, states, and behaviours of employees in organisations (p. 147). This implies that not only do organisations need to work on developing positive organisational behaviour, but also on ensuring that this behaviour is effectively applied and thus produces the desired outcomes. Otherwise, if the positive organisational behaviour fails to produce noticeable improvements, employees may lose heart and much of the optimism in their behaviour may be lost. Further to this, the concept of positive organisational behaviour needs to show the added value of the positive over and above the negative (Bakker and Schaufeli, 2008, p. 147) in order to gain wide acceptance and the attention needed to develop further. One of the main potential methods through which this added value could be demonstrated is that positive organisational behaviour is strongly linked to levels of work engagement. According to Bakker et al (2008) this implies that the development of positive organisational behaviour can lead to a positive, fulfilling, affective-motivational state of work-related well-being that is characterized by vigour, dedication, and absorption (p. 187). In other words, developing positive organisational behaviour is more likely to make employees feel positive about their work, and also to engage more strongly with it. This in turn will lead to the employees caring more about the outcomes of their work as outcomes in their own right, rather than simply as tasks they have to complete in order to gain promotions or justify their salaries. This argument is supported by Bakker et als (2008, p. 187) empirical research, which showed that work engagement is influences strongly by the level of job resource s that employees have access to, and the level of personal resources that are inherent to the employee themselves. Of these, job resources focus on factors such as the supervisory coaching and feedback that the employee receives, whilst personal resources include many of the resources associated with positive organisational behaviour, such as optimism, self-efficacy and self-esteem. In addition to this, the research shows that work engagement is a valid predictor of job performance and client satisfaction, indicating that it can help to achieve the employee performance boost needed by modern organisations (Bakker et al, 2008, p. 187). Positive organisational behaviour [POB] emerged from the positive psychology approach in 1999 and was pioneered by Fred Luthans. Positive psychology departs from the traditional negative thrust of psychology as a field which studies illness rather than wellness and instead, proposes that the strengths and virtues that allow individuals and communities to thrive should be studied. Positive organisational behaviour focuses on theory building, empirical research, and application of positive attitudes, traits, and behaviours of employees within organisations (Luthans and Youssef 2007). Luthans (2002a) defined positive organisational behaviour as the study and application of positively oriented human resource strengths and psychological capacities that can be measured, developed, and effectively managed for performance improvement in todays workplace (p. 59). Positive organisational behaviour is a psychology-based approach toward human resource management and operates within a framework t hat considers employee happiness as viable objectives in themselves. Proponents of positive organisational behaviour treat employee well-being and health to be of strategic value for businesses. Instead of viewing occupational health and employee well-being as costs, positive organisational behaviour proponents consider them sound investments. Typically, POB focuses on use of organisational resources in increasing psychological capital, employee engagement, emotional intelligence, and psychological contract. POB is implemented in organisations to stimulate peak performance and enhance the conditions under which employees function and thrive. Psychological Capital The concept of psychological capital has become an important construct, not only in human resource management, but also in other areas such as leadership research. Psychological capital is seen as a key factor in allowing leaders to develop positive organisational behaviour within the organisations that they lead. This link is strongly supported by the research of Toor and Ofori (2010, p. 341) which found that psychological capital is strongly correlated with both leadership authenticity and transformational leadership. In their leadership study on construction and engineering project leaders, a distinction was made between traditional project leaders who drove performance through power, task orientation, and authority and authentic leaders who drove performance through positive values such as morality, ethics, and collective well-being. Authentic leaders who use positive behaviours capitalise on the environment of trust and are able to motivate people better and accomplish challengi ng tasks (Toor and Ofori 2010). Authentic leadership possesses high potential for development as well as veritable performance of construction project leaders. At the same time, the existence of transformational leadership in an organisation plays an important role in the ability of the organisations psychological capital to drive positive organisational behaviour and desired outcomes such as extra effort and satisfaction on the part of employees. However, there is also evidence to suggest that the development of psychological capital in organisations and its ability to drive positive outcomes at both the individual and organisational level, is strongly linked to the level of focused training and development that employees receive (Luthans et al, 2010, p. 41). An exemplary case is UK retailer Tesco which has one of the most impressive workforce development programmes. Tesco employees were considered the happiest and the most loyal in a survey among UK companies (European Monitoring Centre on Change 2007). Tesco has built its image on positive values such as ethics, morality, and human rights. For instance, it has a Working beyond retirement policy which accepts workers above the age of 50, a Remploy policy which brokers jobs for disabled individuals, a basic skills training program, and The Step Change Programme which values the initiatives of employees in suggesting company policies to enhance customer service and satisfactio n. This has resulted to high levels of employee and customer loyalty, positive relationships with suppliers, and efficiency savings amounting to GBP350million (European Monitoring Centre on Change 2007). The Tesco experience implies that psychological capital is not only something which emerges at work through the day to day actions of managers and leaders, but can also be developed through direct training interventions for the workforce. Indeed, the study by Luthans et al (2010, p. 41) indicated that said training interventions not only may be used to develop participants psychological capital, but can also lead to an improvement in their on-the-job performance. This indicates the importance of developing psychological capital at all stages of the human resource management cycle, in order to maximise the potential gains from positive organisational behaviour. Psychological capital refers to the positive psychological states that an individual owns and can use to achieve greater effectiveness in organisations. A comprehensive definition of psychological capital is: An individual state of positive psychological development, which is characterized by: (1) possession of confidence (self-efficacy) by which challenging tasks can be successfully completed through showing and paying necessary efforts; (2) positive attribution should be made on the current and future success (optimism); (3) targets need to be adhered to, and if necessary the line of achieving goals can be re-selected in order to be successful (hope); (4) When confronted with the problems and difficulties, success can be achieved by sticking to goals, quickly restoring and taking roundabout ways (resilience). (Luthans, Youssef and Avolio 2007, p. 15). According to Luthans and colleagues, psychological capital or PsyCap leads to positive organisational behaviour which in turn makes employees work more diligently, adhere to ethics, and acquire higher job satisfaction and improved performance (Luthans, Avolio, Avey, et al. 2007). Psychological capital has four components: 1) self-efficacy, 2) hope, 3) optimism and 4) resilience (Luthans 2005). When used together with social and human capital, psychological capital represents the human resource that each individual owns and which organisations can measure, invest in, develop, and manage effectively. Today, the application of PsyCap is growing in many global companies (Avey 2007). The Kellogg Corporation has institutionalized PsyCap training for all its managers. Engineering leaders and senior managers of The Boeing Company also underwent PsyCap training. Moreover, Boeing has included PsyCap as a workforce development indicator (Avey 2007). Self-efficacy Self-efficacy is the belief that one is capable of attaining specific goals by mobilising motives, cognitive resources and actions (Bandura 1997, p. 76). It refers to positive beliefs and confidence on ones skills and abilities to perform desired task. Persons having high self-efficacy perceive highly that they are capable of taking action and modifying their environment using several resources. Stajkovic and Luthans (1998) believed that people with high psychological capital are more persistent despite failures and are less disheartened and less likely to resign when faced with possibility of failure. Hence, self-efficacy positively impacts work performance. Luthans (2005) recommends ways in which organisations can nurture self-efficacy of employees in his Psychological Capital Intervention [PCI] model. One is to allow employees to identify concrete targets based on employees professional skills. In this manner, employees can process goals in groups and analyze methods in achieving them while criticising and modifying goals. This form of intervention strengthens goal commitment and task control among employees. Another intervention is provide avenues such as trainings and drilling programs where employees can share success stories and exchange experiences in order for them to appreciate that success comes with positive and sustained efforts. Another intervention is to establish expectations by mobilising emotions and persuasions to stimulate confidence among employees that with the proper strategies and timetables, goals can be met. A fourth intervention is the use of positive and constructive defense mechanism in organisational culture through humor, compensation, and sublimation. The idea is to not embarrass or humiliate employees who are frustrated over unachieved goals but to deal with it positively while regaining the employees self-confidence and psychological stability in the process. Hope Hope refers to a positive motivational state characterized by a sense of success resulted from interactions based on agents (goal-oriented vitality) and the paths (plans to achieve goals) (Snyder and Lopez 2002, p. 34). Hope represents an individuals determination that goals are achievable and the individuals conviction that pathways will lead towards attaining these goals. Hope can be determined through two factors: path and willpower (Snyder, Feldman, Taylor, 2000). Peterson